Society, Culture, Heritage, Arts and Literature of Telangana

HYDERABAD | DELHI | BHOPAL | PUNE | BHUBANESWAR | LUCKNOW | PATNA | BENGALURU | CHENNAI | VIJAYAWADA | VIZAG | TIRUPATHI | KUKATPALLY | KOLKATA | AHMEDABAD Society, Culture, Heritage, Arts and Literature of Telangana Introduction to Telangana History Telangana, as a geographical and political entity was born on June 2, 2014 as the 29th and the youngest state in Union of India. However, as an economic, social, cultural and historical entity it has a glorious history of at least two thousand five hundred years or more. Megalithic stone structures like cairns, cists, dolmens and menhirs found in several districts of Telangana show that there were human habitations in this part of the country thousands of years ago. Remnants of iron ore smelting found at many places demonstrate the hoary roots of artisanship and tool making in Telangana for at least two thousand years. The reference to Asmaka Janapada, part of present Telangana, as one of the 16 Janapadas in ancient India proves that there existed an advanced stage of society. One of the first five disciples of the Buddha, Kondanna is a typical name from Telangana and though there is no exact information about his native place, the earliest known Buddhist township of Kondapur in Medak district is believed to be after him. The Buddha himself famously acknowledged that it was Kondanna who understood him properly. The Buddhist sources say that Bavari, a Brahmin from Badanakurti in Karimnagar sent his disciples to all the way to north India to learn Buddhism and spread the message in this region. Megasthenes, who visited India in the 4th century BCE, wrote that there were 30 fortified towns of Andhras and a majority of them were in Telangana. In the historical age, Telangana had given rise to mighty empires and kingdoms like the Satavahanas, Vakatakas, Ikshvakus, Vishnukundins, Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Qutb Shahis and Asif Jahis. The emergence and flourishing of these powerful political formations is in itself a proof of existence of a sturdy economic, social and cultural structure. Thus Telangana has been a vibrant social entity by the time of the Buddha and continued to be so for the next two and a half millennia. Endowed with such rich cultural heritage, despite the attempts by historians and scholars from Andhra region to obfuscate and erase its history, Telangana always retained and fought for its self respect and self rule. Due to the official efforts to ignore, erase, belittle and look down Telangana history and turn it into an appendage or a footnote, particularly during 1956-2014, much of Telangana history is either not properly researched or not recorded even if it was studied. Telangana rose again and secured its political identity now and is in the process of resurrecting its own glorious past. Here is an attempt to reconstruct the history of Telangana, the wonderful musical instrument with a thousand strings. Pre-history (Up to 1000 BCE) Even though extensive exploration has not been done, particularly subjected to neglect after 1956, the archaeological department under the Nizams’ government had done tremendous work in discovering the traces of pre-historical human habitations in Telangana. These studies found that human habitations in parts of Telangana can be seen from the Paleolithic age consistently. Either the same locations or extended locations showed people continued to live and develop through the later stages of Mesolithic, Neolithic and Metal ages. Excavations discovered stone tools, microliths, cists, dolmens, cairns and menhirs. All the ten districts of Telangana showed these traces even when a proper, scientific and official research and excavations have not been done and thanks to the efforts of either the first generation researchers before 1950s or individual amateur explorations. 2 Society, Culture, Heritage, Arts & Literature of TS Pre-Satavahanas (1000 BCE – 300 BCE) In the historical age beginning from 1000 BCE there are some references of Telangana as a geographical entity as well as Telugu as a linguistic entity, in the contemporary Buddhist and mythological texts. However, it needs a detailed research to discover finer aspects and establish the stage of development of pre-Satavahana society. Thought the official research into this aspect was stalled for about six decades, some enthusiasts like Thakur Rajaram Singh, B N Sastry and Dr D Raja Reddy did their own painstaking explorations and showed that there was a flourishing society before the emergence of the Satavahanas. Particularly Dr Raja Reddy proved with numismatic evidence that there were rulers before the Satavahanas with Kotalingala as capital and issued their own coins. In these excavations the coins of Gobada, Naarana, Kamvaaya and Samagopa were discovered and at least two other rulers’ names came to light. Thus Telangana happens to be the first region in the subcontinent to have issued punch-marked coins with even insignia. The Buddhist texts as well as accounts of foreigners like Magesthenes and Arrian talked about this region as having thirty forts, many of which have to be explored. Satavahanas (250 BCE – 200 CE) After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, around the third century BC there arose the first significant kingdom under the Satavahanas from this region. The earliest capital of the Satavahanas was Kotalingala and then moved to the other popular capitals like Paithan and Amaravati (Dharanikota) only after two centuries of their rule. However, the first capital was either ignored or brushed aside to give prominence to the later place in coastal Andhra. The coins issued by the Satavahana kings Simuka (BC 231-208), Siri Satavahana, Satakani I, Satasiri, Satakani II, Vasishtiputra Pulumayi, Vasishtiputra Satakani and their governors were discovered in Kotalingala. Numismatic and epigraphic evidence showed that the Satavahanas ruled a larger area of the peninsula, with oceans as borders on three sides. Literature like Gathasaptashati, painting like Ajanta flourished during the Satavahana rule. Post-Satavahana (200 CE – 950 CE) After the fall of Satavahanas in the third century AD, Telugu-speaking areas were divided under various small rulers and till the emergence of the Kakatiyas, for about six or seven centuries this fragmentation continued. Even as the mainstream Andhra historians maintained that it was a dark period in Telangana history without any political formation, the current research found that Telangana was ruled by various kingdoms like the Ikshvakus, Vakatakas, Vishnukundins, Badami Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Vemulavada Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Mudigonda Chalukyas, Kanduri Chodas and Polvasa dynasty. A detailed research into this period is yet to take place. Kakatiyas (950 CE – 1323 CE) The sub-feudatories of the Rashtrakutas emerged themselves as independent kings and founded the Kakatiya dynasty around 950 AD and this kingdom became strong and united whole of Telugu-speaking lands and lasted for more than three centuries and a half. The kingdom saw powerful kings like Ganapatideva, Rudradeva and Prataparudra as well as the first ever woman ruler in the subcontinent Rudramadevi. The Kakatiyas ruled from Hanumakonda in the beginning and shifted their capital to Warangal later. The Kakatiyas are known for their irrigation public works, sculpture and fine arts. Thanks to the well-planned irrigation facilities and a perfect system of chain tanks to suit the undulating nature of the terrain, the Kakatiya kingdom flourished economically leading to cultural progress also. Envy of this affluence, several neighbouring kingdoms as well as Delhi Sultanate tried to wage war on Warangal many times and failed. Finally in 1323, Delhi army could lay seize on Warangal fort and capture Prataparudra, who, according to the legend, killed himself on the banks of the Narmada unwilling to surrender when he was being taken as prisoner of war to Delhi. 3 Society, Culture, Heritage, Arts & Literature of TS Post-Kakatiya Interregnum (1323 – 1496) After Prataparudra was defeated by Malik Kafur in 1323, the Kakatiya kingdom was again fragmented with local governors declaring independence and for about 150 years Telangana was again under different rulers like Musunuri Nayakas, Padmanayakas, Kalinga Gangas, Gajapatis, and Bahmanis. Qutbshahis (1496 - 1687) Sultan Quli Qutb Shah, subedar for Telangana under the Bahamanis, with Golconda as his capital, declared his independence in 1496 and seven sultans of this dynasty ruled not only Telangana but the entire Telugu-speaking land including parts of present day Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Moghul empire waged war and defeated Golconda in 1687 and for about three decades Telangana was again witnessed chaos and fragmented rulers. Asaf Jahis (1724-1948) In 1712, Emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Qamar-ud-din Khan as the viceroy of Deccan and gave him the title Nizam- ul-Mulk . He was later recalled to Delhi, with Mubariz Khan appointed as the viceroy. In 1724, Qamar-ud-din Khan defeated Mubariz Khan and reclaimed the Deccan suba. It was established as an autonomous province of the Mughal empire. He took the name Asif Jah, starting what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. He named the area Hyderabad Deccan. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were called Asaf Jahi Nizams or Nizams of Hyderabad. The Medak and Warangal divisions of Telangana were part of their realm. When Asaf Jah I died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. In 1769, Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV signed the Subsidiary Alliance with the British in 1799 and lost its control over the state's defense and foreign affairs. Hyderabad State became a princely state among the presidencies and provinces of British India. Post-independence When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, Hyderabad remained an independent princely state for a period of 13 months. The peasants of Telangana waged an armed struggle to liberate the region. Scores of people lost their lives in the armed struggle.

Political Formations UNIT 5 DECCAN KINGDOMS* Structure 5.0 Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Geographical Setting of the Deccan 5.3 The Four Kingdoms 5.3.1 The Yadavas and the Kakatiyas 5.3.2 The Pandyas and the Hoysalas 5.3.3 Conflict Between the Four Kingdoms 5.4 Southern Kingdoms and the Delhi Sultanate 5.4.1 First Phase: Alauddin Khalji’s Invasion of South 5.4.2 Second Phase 5.5 Administration and Economy 5.5.1 Administration 5.5.2 Economy 5.6 Rise of Independent Kingdoms 5.7 Rise of the Bahmani Power 5.8 Conquest and Consolidation of the Bahmani Power 5.8.1 First Phase: 1347-1422 5.8.2 Second Phase: 1422-1538 5.9 Conflict Between the Afaqis and the Dakhnis and their Relations with the King 5.10 Central and Provincial Administration under the Bahmani Kingdom 5.11 Army Organization under the Bahmani Kingdom 5.12 Economy 5.13 Society and Culture 5.14 Summary 5.15 Keywords 5.16 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises 5.17 Suggested Readings 5.18 Instructional Video Recommendations 5.0 OBJECTIVES After going through this Unit, you should be able to: * Prof. Ahmad Raza Khan and Prof. Abha Singh, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. The present Unit is taken from IGNOU Course 110 EHI-03: India: From 8th to 15th Century, Block 7, Units 26 & 28. • assess the geographical influences on the polity and economy of the Deccan, Deccan Kingdoms • understand the political set-up in South India, • examine the conflicts among the Southern kingdoms, • evaluate the relations of the Southern kingdoms with the Delhi Sultanate, • know their administration and economy, • understand the emergence of new independent kingdoms in the South, • appraise the political formation and its nature in Deccan and South India, • understand the emergence of the Bahmani kingdom, • analyze the conflict between the old Dakhni nobility and the newcomers (the Afaqis) and how it ultimately led to the decline of the Bahmani Sultanate, and • evaluate the administrative structure under the Bahmanis.

Volume : 4 | Issue : 6 | June 2015 ISSN - 2250-1991 Research Paper Commerce Nimatullahi Sufism and Deccan Bahmani Sultanate Seyed Mohammad Ph.D. in Sufism and Islamic Mysticism University of Religions and Hadi Torabi Denominations, Qom, Iran The presentresearch paper is aimed to determine the relationship between the Nimatullahi Shiite Sufi dervishes and Bahmani Shiite Sultanate of Deccan which undoubtedly is one of the key factors help to explain the spread of Sufism followed by growth of Shi’ism in South India and in Indian sub-continent. This relationship wasmutual andin addition to Sufism, the Bahmani Sultanate has also benefited from it. Furthermore, the researcher made effortto determine and to discuss the influential factors on this relation and its fruitful results. Moreover, a brief reference to the history of Muslims in India which ABSTRACT seems necessary is presented. KEYWORDS Nimatullahi Sufism, Deccan Bahmani Sultanate, Shiite Muslim, India Introduction: are attributable the presence of Iranian Ascetics in Kalkot and Islamic culture has entered in two ways and in different eras Kollam Ports. (Battuta 575) However, one of the major and in the Indian subcontinent. One of them was the gradual ar- important factors that influence the development of Sufism in rival of the Muslims aroundeighth century in the region and the subcontinent was the Shiite rule of Bahmani Sultanate in perhaps the Muslim merchants came from southern and west- Deccan which is discussed briefly in this research paper. ern Coast of Malabar and Cambaya Bay in India who spread Islamic culture in Gujarat and the Deccan regions and they can Discussion: be considered asthe pioneers of this movement.

MODULE - 1 Ancient India 5 Notes FROM JANAPADAS TO EMPIRE In the last chapter we studied how later Vedic people started agriculture in the Ganga basin and settled down in permanent villages. In this chapter, we will discuss how increased agricultural activity and settled life led to the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas (large territorial states) in north India in sixth century BC. We will also examine the factors, which enabled Magadh one of these states to defeat all others to rise to the status of an empire later under the Mauryas. The Mauryan period was one of great economic and cultural progress. However, the Mauryan Empire collapsed within fifty years of the death of Ashoka. We will analyse the factors responsible for this decline. This period (6th century BC) is also known for the rise of many new religions like Buddhism and Jainism. We will be looking at the factors responsible for the emer- gence of these religions and also inform you about their main doctrines. OBJECTIVES After studying this lesson, you will be able to explain the material and social factors (e.g. growth of agriculture and new social classes), which became the basis for the rise of Mahajanapada and the new religions in the sixth century BC; analyse the doctrine, patronage, spread and impact of Buddhism and Jainism; trace the growth of Indian polity from smaller states to empires and list the six- teen Mahajanapadas; examine the role of Ashoka in the consolidation of the empire through his policy of Dhamma; recognise the main features– administration, economy, society and art under the Mauryas and Identify the causes of the decline of the Mauryan empire.

CHAPTER II VALUE A E TAX AN CENTRAL SALES TAX 2.1 Tax Administration Value Added Tax and Central Sales Tax Act and Rules framed thereunder are administered at the Government level by Principal Secretary of Revenue Department. The Commissioner of Commercial Taxes CCT) is the Head of the Commercial Tax wing of the Revenue Department assisted by two Additional Commissioners ACCT) and four %oint Commissioners %C). In field, the CCT is assisted by 17 Deputy Commissioners DC), 33 Assistant Commissioners AC). There are 12 ,T-s and 91 Circles in the State functioning under the administrative control of DCs. They administer the relevant tax laws and rules under Telangana Value Added Tax 2005 VAT Act) and Central Sales Tax Act 1956 CST Act). 2urther, there is an Inter State Investigation 3ing IST) headed by a %oint Commissioner within Enforcement wing, which assists CCT in cross verification of interstate transactions. 2.2 Internal Audit The Department did not have a dedicated Internal Audit 3ing that would plan and conduct audit in accordance with a scheduled audit plan. Each ,T-5circle is audited by audit teams consisting of five members headed by either CTOs or Deputy CTOs. The DC CT) would monitor the reports of internal audit. CCT intimated that 120 audit observations were outstanding at the end of 7arch 2017. 2.3 Results of Audit In 2016-17, the assessment files, refund records and other connected documents of the Commercial Taxes Department were test checked. Instances of underassessment of Sales Tax/ VAT and other irregularities involving 1,100.30 crore in 1,055 cases were observed.

UA MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY GROUP Jagdish M. Bhagwati Nazli Choucri Wayne A. Cornelius John R. Harris Michael J. Piore Rosemarie S. Rogers Myron Weiner a . . . . C/77-5 INTERNAL MIGRATION POLICIES IN AN INDIAN STATE: A CASE STUDY OF THE MULKI RULES IN HYDERABAD AND ANDHRA K.V. Narayana Rao Migration and Development Study Group Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 August 1977 Preface by Myron Weiner This study by Dr. K.V. Narayana Rao, a political scientist and Deputy Director of the National Institute of Community Development in Hyderabad who has specialized in the study of Andhra Pradesh politics, examines one of the earliest and most enduring attempts by a state government in India to influence the patterns of internal migration. The policy of intervention began in 1868 when the traditional ruler of Hyderabad State initiated steps to ensure that local people (or as they are called in Urdu, mulkis) would be given preferences in employment in the administrative services, a policy that continues, in a more complex form, to the present day. A high rate of population growth for the past two decades, a rapid expansion in education, and a low rate of industrial growth have combined to create a major problem of scarce employment opportunities in Andhra Pradesh as in most of India and, indeed, in many countries in the third world. It is not surprising therefore that there should be political pressures for controlling the labor market by those social classes in the urban areas that are best equipped to exercise political power.

GOVERNMENT OF TELANGANA ABSTRACT Public Services – Formation /Reorganization of New Districts, Revenue Divisions and Mandals in Telangana State – Re-organization of Circles/Divisions/Sub- Divisions/Mandals in all cadres - Orders – Issued. PANCHAYAT RAJ & RURAL DEVELOPMENT (PR.I) DEPARTENT G.O.Ms.No.71 Dt:11.10.2016 Read the following:- 1. G.O.Ms.No.5, PR&RD(Estt.I) Dept. Dt:16.01.2015 and subsequent amendments, G.O.Ms.No.45, dt:23.5.2015, G.O.Ms.No.59, dt:31.7.2015 and G.O.Ms.No.6, dt:13.01.2016. 2. G.O.Ms.No.221 to 250, Revenue (DA-CMRF) Department, dt:11.10.2016 3. G.O.Ms.No.144, Finance (HRM.I) Department, dt:11.10.2016 4. From the E-in-C, PR, Hyderbad Letter No.B-II/Reorg.district/ 338/2016, Dt.17.9.2016, Dt:29.9.2016 & Dt:08.10.2016. ORDER: In the reference first read above Government have issued orders rationalising the PRI, PIU & Q C wings for effective implementation of works programme in PRED to achieve the targets of the Govt. 2. In the reference second read above Government of Telangana have issued notifications for formation/reorganization of Districts, Divisions and Mandals in the State of Telangana for better administration and development of areas concerned. 3. In the reference 3rd read above, Government have issued orders re- distributing cadre strength among (30) districts. 4. In the reference fourth read above the Engineer-in-Chief, PR has submitted proposals for re-organization of PRED to be co-terminus with the new districts jurisdiction and to change the nomenclature of Superintending Engineer, PR as Regional officer and Executive Engineer of the District Office as District Panchayat Raj Engineer (DPRE).

COMMITTEE FOR CONSULTATIONS ON THE SITUATION IN ANDHRA PRADESH REPORT December 2010 THE COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSON Shri Justice B N Srikrishna (Retd.) Former Judge, Supreme Court of India MEMBER SECRETARY Shri Vinod Kumar Duggal, IAS (Retd.) Former Home Secretary, Government of India MEMBERS Prof (Dr.) Ranbir Singh Vice Chancellor, National Law University, Delhi Dr. Abusaleh Shariff Chief Economist /Senior Fellow, National Council of Applied Economic Research, Delhi Prof (Dr.) Ravinder Kaur Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT, Delhi The Inter State Council Secretariat (ISCS) provided full secretarial assistance including technical and budgetary support to the Committee C O N T E N T S VOLUME - I Prologue i Approach and Methodology iv Acknowledgements xii List of Tables, Figures, Appendices xvii Abbreviations xxix Chapter 1 Developments in Andhra Pradesh-A Historical Background 1 Chapter 2 Regional Economic and Equity Analysis 63 Chapter 3 Education and Health 125 Chapter 4 Water Resources, Irrigation and Power Development 177 Chapter 5 Public Employment Issues 245 Chapter 6 Issues Relating to Hyderabad Metropolis 295 Chapter 7 Sociological and Cultural Issues 341 Chapter 8 Law & Order and Internal Security Dimensions 423 Chapter 9 The Way Forward 425 VOLUME - II Appendices 1-173 Index 174 “In ages long past a great son of India, the Buddha, said that the only real victory was one in which all were equally victorious and there was defeat for no one. In the world today that is the only practical victory; any other way will lead to disaster”. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru speaking on „Disputes and Discord‟ in the United Nations General Assembly on October 3, 1960 Prologue It has not been an easy task.

Polavaram: A Disaster in the Making and a Coastal Andhra Sin By Gautam Pingle - HYDERABAD Published: 10th February 2014 09:36 AM http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Polavaram-A-Disaster- in-the-Making--a-Coastal-Andhra- Sin/2014/02/10/article2048570.ece#.UvhTJfuHPgE THE AP State Reorganisation Bill2013, as approved by the Union cabinet on February 7, has given the Polavaram irrigation project an orange (not green) light. It gives 397 inundation villages in Bhadrachalam and Palvancha divisions in Khammam district to Seemandhra. It also says the future Telangana government is “deemed to consent” to Polavaram _ a measure the Supreme Court will strike down. Polavaram is supposed to irrigate huge acreage, stabilise the Godavari Delta for the second and third crops and divert Godavari water to further stabilise the Krishna Delta for three crops. It also hopes to provide drinking and irrigation water to north coastal Andhra. The reservoir will inundate 397 tribal villages and flood thousands of acres of valuable forest land. Nearly 2.5 lakh tribal people will be displaced from their homes in Bhadrachalam alone. It will create a problem five times bigger than the Narmada Sagar dam where only 60,000 tribal people were displaced. Chhattisgarh and Odisha have moved the Supreme Court against the project and tribal displacement. The Union ministry of environment and forests, on February 8, 2011, directed the state not to start construction and to reduce the dam’s height to minimise inundation. But the Seemandhra’s contention is that reducing the height of the dam will prevent diversion of Godavari water to the Krishna Delta.

Component-I (A) – Personal details: Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Outlines of Indian History Module Name/Title Mahajanapadas- Rise of Magadha – Nandas – Invasion of Alexander Module Id I C/ OIH/ 08 Pre requisites Early History of India Objectives To study the Political institutions of Ancient India from earliest to 3rd Century BCE. Mahajanapadas , Rise of Magadha under the Haryanka, Sisunaga Dynasties, Nanda Dynasty, Persian Invasions, Alexander’s Invasion of India and its Effects Keywords Janapadas, Magadha, Haryanka, Sisunaga, Nanda, Alexander E-text (Quadrant-I) 1. Sources Political and cultural history of the period from C 600 to 300 BCE is known for the first time by a possibility of comparing evidence from different kinds of literary sources. Buddhist and Jaina texts form an authentic source of the political history of ancient India. The first four books of Sutta pitaka -- the Digha, Majjhima, Samyutta and Anguttara nikayas -- and the entire Vinaya pitaka were composed between the 5th and 3rd centuries BCE. The Sutta nipata also belongs to this period. The Jaina texts Bhagavati sutra and Parisisthaparvan represent the tradition that can be used as historical source material for this period. The Puranas also provide useful information on dynastic history. A comparison of Buddhist, Puranic and Jaina texts on the details of dynastic history reveals more disagreement. This may be due to the fact that they were compiled at different times. Apart from indigenous literary sources, there are number of Greek and Latin narratives of Alexander’s military achievements. They describe the political situation prevailing in northwest on the eve of Alexander’s invasion.

INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE InvestmentINDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTUREOppor -tunities Investment Opportunities & & Challenges Challenges 1 2 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges Acknowledgement We extend our sincere gratitude to Shri Vinod Zutshi, Secretary (Former), Ministry of Tourism, Government of India for his contribution and support for preparing the report. INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges 3 4 INDIAN TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE - Investment Opportunities & Challenges FOREWORD Travel and tourism, the largest service industry in India was worth US$234bn in 2018 – a 19% year- on-year increase – the third largest foreign exchange earner for India with a 17.9% growth in Foreign Exchange Earnings (in Rupee Terms) in March 2018 over March 2017. According to The World Travel and Tourism Council, tourism generated ₹16.91 lakh crore (US$240 billion) or 9.2% of India’s GDP in 2018 and supported 42.673 million jobs, 8.1% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9% to ₹32.05 lakh crore (US$460 billion) by 2028 (9.9% of GDP). The Ministry has been actively working towards the development of quality tourism infrastructure at various tourist destinations and circuits in the States / Union Territories by sanctioning expenditure budgets across schemes like SWADESH DARSHAN and PRASHAD. The Ministry of Tourism has been actively promoting India as a 365 days tourist destination with the introduction of niche tourism products in the country like Cruise, Adventure, Medical, Wellness, Golf, Polo, MICE Tourism, Eco-tourism, Film Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, etc. to overcome ‘seasonality’ challenge in tourism. I am pleased to present the FICCI Knowledge Report “Indian Tourism Infrastructure : Investment Opportunities & Challenges” which highlights the current scenario, key facts and figures pertaining to the tourism sector in India.

6. Water Quality ------61 6.1 Surface Water Quality Observations ------61 6.2 Ground Water Quality Observations ------62 7

Version 2.0 Krishna Basin Preface Optimal management of water resources is the necessity of time in the wake of development and growing need of population of India. The National Water Policy of India (2002) recognizes that development and management of water resources need to be governed by national perspectives in order to develop and conserve the scarce water resources in an integrated and environmentally sound basis. The policy emphasizes the need for effective management of water resources by intensifying research efforts in use of remote sensing technology and developing an information system. In this reference a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed on December 3, 2008 between the Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to execute the project “Generation of Database and Implementation of Web enabled Water resources Information System in the Country” short named as India-WRIS WebGIS. India-WRIS WebGIS has been developed and is in public domain since December 2010 (www.india- wris.nrsc.gov.in). It provides a ‘Single Window solution’ for all water resources data and information in a standardized national GIS framework and allow users to search, access, visualize, understand and analyze comprehensive and contextual water resources data and information for planning, development and Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Basin is recognized as the ideal and practical unit of water resources management because it allows the holistic understanding of upstream-downstream hydrological interactions and solutions for management for all competing sectors of water demand. The practice of basin planning has developed due to the changing demands on river systems and the changing conditions of rivers by human interventions.

PRG. 179.17 (N) 750 KARIMNAGAR CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME II ANDHRA PRADESH PART VII - B (17) F AIRS AND FESTIV (17. Karimnagar District) A. CHANDRA SEKHAR OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE Superintendent of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh Price: Rs. 5.25 P. or 12 Sh. 3 d. or $ 1.89 c. 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS, ANDHRA PRADESH (All the Census Publications of this State bear Vol. No. II) PART I-A (i) General Report (Chapters I to V) PART I-A (ii) General Report (Chapters VI to IX) PART I-A (iii) Gen'eral Report (Chapters eX to Xll) PART I-B Report on Vital Statistics PART I-C Subsidiary Tables PART II-A General Population Tables PART II-B (i) Economic Tables (B-1 to B-IV) PART II-B eii) Economic Tables (B-V to B-IX] PART II-C Cultural and Migration Tables PART III Household Economic Tables PART IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments (with Subsidiary Tables) PART IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables PART V-A Special Tables for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART V-B Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes PART VI Villag~ Survey Monographs (46) PART VII-A (1) l PART VlI-A (2) ~ . Handicrafts Survey Reports (Selected Crafts) I PART VII-A (3) J PART VII-B (1 to 20) . Fairs and Festivals (Separate Book for each District) PART VIII-A Administration Report-Enumeration l >- (Not for sale) PART VIII-B Administration Report-Tabulation J PART IX State Atlas PART X Special Report on Hyderabad City District Census Handbooks (Separate Volume for each District) I 1.